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This edition of JP has been published in two basic parts: a. Terms and definitions. At this point it is time to prepare your target partition. Please refer to the partitioning, file-system creation, and mounting steps of Chapter 2, Installing NixOS.
You'll probably want to edit the configuration files. Consider setting up the NixOS bootloader to give you the ability to boot on your existing Linux partition. For instance, if you're using GRUB and your existing distribution is running Ubuntu, you may want to add something like this to your configuration. Create the nixbld group and user on your original distribution:. You'll likely want to set a root password for your first boot using the configuration files because you won't have a chance to enter a password until after you reboot.
You can initalize the root password to an empty one with this line: and of course don't forget to set one once you've rebooted or to lock the account with sudo passwd -l root if you use sudo. Build the NixOS closure and install it in the system profile:. This will move your existing distribution out of the way in the very early stages of the NixOS bootup. If for some reason you want to revert to the old distribution, you'll need to boot on a USB rescue disk and do something along these lines:.
And of course, if you're happy with NixOS and no longer need the old distribution:. It's also worth noting that this whole process can be automated. For instance, nixos-infect uses the lustrate process to convert Digital Ocean droplets to NixOS from other distributions automatically. To install NixOS behind a proxy, do the following before running nixos-install. Setup the proxy environment variables in the shell where you are running nixos-install. So if say the configuration locks up your machine, you can just reboot to get back to a working configuration.
You can make your configuration show up in a different submenu of the GRUB 2 boot screen by giving it a different profile name , e.
This is useful to see whether everything compiles cleanly. If you have a machine that supports hardware virtualisation, you can also test the new configuration in a sandbox by building and running a QEMU virtual machine that contains the desired configuration.
Just do. Another way is to temporarily add the following to your configuration:. You can forward ports on the host to the guest. For instance, the following will forward host port to guest port 22 SSH :. A channel is a Nix mechanism for distributing Nix expressions and associated binaries. These channels are:. Stable channels , such as nixos These only get conservative bug fixes and package upgrades.
For instance, a channel update may cause the Linux kernel on your system to be upgraded from 4. Stable channels are generally maintained until the next stable branch is created. The unstable channel , nixos-unstable. Small channels , such as nixos These are identical to the stable and unstable channels described above, except that they contain fewer binary packages.
Please note that during the release process, channels that are not yet released will be present here as well. For instance, if you installed from a Be sure to include the nixos parameter at the end.
For instance, to use the NixOS You can keep a NixOS system up-to-date automatically by adding the following to configuration. This enables a periodically executed systemd service named nixos-upgrade. If the allowReboot option is false , it runs nixos-rebuild switch --upgrade to upgrade NixOS to the latest version in the current channel.
To see when the service runs, see systemctl list-timers. If allowReboot is true , then the system will automatically reboot if the new generation contains a different kernel, initrd or kernel modules. You can also specify a channel explicitly, e. As described in Chapter 3, Changing the Configuration , changes to this file only take effect after you run nixos-rebuild. This means you have all the expressive power of that language at your disposal, including the ability to abstract over common patterns, which is very useful when managing complex systems.
The syntax and semantics of the Nix language are fully described in the Nix manual , but here we give a short overview of the most important constructs useful in NixOS configuration files.
For example,. Sets can be nested, and in fact dots in option names are shorthand for defining a set containing another set. For instance, services. This means that the example above can also be written as:. NixOS checks your option definitions for correctness. Likewise, values in option definitions must have a correct type. Trying to give it a value of another type, such as a string, will cause an error:. Special characters can be escaped by prefixing them with a backslash e.
Multi-line strings can be enclosed in double single quotes , e. See more info about this in the Nix manual here. These can be true or false , e.
Note that here the attribute name net. Sets were introduced above. The important thing to note about lists is that list elements are separated by whitespace, like this:. Usually, the packages you need are already part of the Nix Packages collection, which is a set that can be accessed through the function argument pkgs. Typical uses:. For more information on packages, including how to add new ones, see Section 6. It defines two virtual hosts with nearly identical configuration; the only difference is the document root directories.
To prevent this duplication, we can use a let :. You can write a let wherever an expression is allowed. Thus, you also could have written:. Functions provide another method of abstraction. For instance, suppose that we want to generate lots of different virtual hosts, all with identical configuration except for the document root.
This can be done as follows:. Here, makeVirtualHost is a function that takes a single argument webroot and returns the configuration for a virtual host. That function is then called for several names to produce the list of virtual host configurations. The NixOS configuration mechanism is modular. If your configuration. Likewise, if you have multiple NixOS configurations e. Modules have exactly the same syntax as configuration. In fact, configuration. You can use other modules by including them from configuration.
Here, we include two modules from the same directory, vpn. The latter might look like this:. Note that both configuration. When multiple modules define an option, NixOS will try to merge the definitions. In the case of environment.
The value in configuration. If you want it to appear first, you can use mkBefore :. This causes the kvm-intel kernel module to be loaded before any other kernel modules. For other types of options, a merge may not be possible. For instance, if two modules define services. When using multiple modules, you may need to access configuration values defined in other modules. This is what the config function argument is for: it contains the complete, merged system configuration.
That is, config is the result of combining the configurations returned by every module [1]. For example, here is a module that adds some packages to environment. With multiple modules, it may not be obvious what the final value of a configuration option is. The command nixos-option allows you to find out:. Interactive exploration of the configuration is possible using nix repl , a read-eval-print loop for Nix expressions.
A typical use:. While abstracting your configuration, you may find it useful to generate modules using code, instead of writing files. The example below would have the same effect as importing a file which sets those options. Below is a summary of the most important syntactic constructs in the Nix expression language.
In particular, there are many other built-in functions. See the Nix manual for the rest. This works as long as no individual configuration value depends on itself. This section describes how to add additional packages to your system. NixOS has two distinct styles of package management:. Declarative , where you declare what packages you want in your configuration.
Every time you run nixos-rebuild , NixOS will ensure that you get a consistent set of binaries corresponding to your specification. Ad hoc , where you install, upgrade and uninstall packages via the nix-env command.
This style allows mixing packages from different Nixpkgs versions. With declarative package management, you specify which packages you want on your system by setting the option environment.
For instance, adding the following line to configuration. The effect of this specification is that the Thunderbird package from Nixpkgs will be built or downloaded as part of the system when you run nixos-rebuild switch. The first column in the output is the attribute name , such as nixos. Note: the nixos prefix tells us that we want to get the package from the nixos channel and works only in CLI tools.
In declarative configuration use pkgs prefix variable. Some packages in Nixpkgs have options to enable or disable optional functionality or change other aspects of the package. For instance, the Firefox wrapper package which provides Firefox with a set of plugins such as the Adobe Flash player has an option to enable the Google Talk plugin.
It can be set in configuration. If you want to build it against GTK 3, you can specify that as follows:. The function override performs the call to the Nix function that produces Emacs, with the original arguments amended by the set of arguments specified by you. So here the function argument gtk gets the value pkgs. The parentheses are necessary because in Nix, function application binds more weakly than list construction, so without them, environment. Even greater customisation is possible using the function overrideAttrs.
While the override mechanism above overrides the arguments of a package function, overrideAttrs allows changing the attributes passed to mkDerivation. This permits changing any aspect of the package, such as the source code. For instance, if you want to override the source code of Emacs, you can say:. Here, overrideAttrs takes the Nix derivation specified by pkgs.
The original attributes are accessible via the function argument, which is conventionally named oldAttrs. The overrides shown above are not global. They do not affect the original package; other packages in Nixpkgs continue to depend on the original rather than the customised package. This means that if another package in your system depends on the original package, you end up with two instances of the package.
If you want to have everything depend on your customised instance, you can apply a global override as follows:. The effect of this definition is essentially equivalent to modifying the emacs attribute in the Nixpkgs source tree.
Any package in Nixpkgs that depends on emacs will be passed your customised instance. However, the value pkgs. In that case, you can do two things. First, you can clone the Nixpkgs repository, add the package to your clone, and optionally submit a patch or pull request to have it accepted into the main Nixpkgs repository. This is described in detail in the Nixpkgs manual. In short, you clone Nixpkgs:.
Then you write and test the package as described in the Nixpkgs manual. Finally, you add it to environment. The second possibility is to add the package outside of the Nixpkgs tree. For instance, here is how you specify a build of the GNU Hello package directly in configuration.
Of course, you can also move the definition of my-hello into a separate Nix expression, e. With the command nix-env , you can install and uninstall packages from the command line. For instance, to install Mozilla Thunderbird:. The -A flag specifies the package by its attribute name; without it, the package is installed by matching against its package name e. The latter is slower because it requires matching against all available Nix packages, and is ambiguous if there are multiple matching packages.
Packages come from the NixOS channel. You typically upgrade a package by updating to the latest version of the NixOS channel:. Other packages in the profile are not affected; this is the crucial difference with the declarative style of package management, where running nixos-rebuild switch causes all packages to be updated to their current versions in the NixOS channel.
You can however upgrade all packages for which there is a newer version by doing:. For details, see the nix-env 1 manpage or the Nix manual. NixOS supports both declarative and imperative styles of user management. In the declarative style, users are specified in configuration. For instance, the following states that a user account named alice shall exist:.
Note that alice is a member of the wheel and networkmanager groups, which allows her to use sudo to execute commands as root and to configure the network, respectively. Also note the SSH public key that allows remote logins with the corresponding private key. Users created in this way do not have a password by default, so they cannot log in via mechanisms that require a password. However, you can use the passwd program to set a password, which is retained across invocations of nixos-rebuild.
If you set users. For instance, if you remove a user from users. Also, imperative commands for managing users and groups, such as useradd, are no longer available. Passwords may still be assigned by setting the user's hashedPassword option. A hashed password can be generated using mkpasswd -m sha A user ID uid is assigned automatically.
You can also specify a uid manually by adding. Groups can be specified similarly. The following states that a group named students shall exist:. In the imperative style, users and groups are managed by commands such as useradd , groupmod and so on. For instance, to create a user account named alice :. So run:. The flag -m causes the creation of a home directory for the new user, which is generally what you want.
The user does not have an initial password and therefore cannot log in. A password can be set using the passwd utility:. Accounts can be modified using usermod. Unix groups can be managed using groupadd , groupmod and groupdel.
You can define file systems using the fileSystems configuration option. The filesystem will be mounted automatically unless "noauto" is present in options. You can usually omit the file system type fsType , since mount can usually detect the type and load the necessary kernel module automatically.
The LUKS volume should be automatically picked up by nixos-generate-config , but you might want to verify that your hardware-configuration.
To ensure that this file system is decrypted using the FIDO2 compatible key, add the following to configuration. You can also use the FIDO2 passwordless setup, but for security reasons, you might want to enable it only when your device is PIN protected, such as Trezor. It means that if you have SSH access to a machine, no additional setup is needed to mount a directory. Once installed, mounting a directory interactively is simple as running:. Mounting non-interactively requires some precautions because sshfs will run at boot and under a different user root.
To create a new key without a passphrase you can do:. The file system can be configured in NixOS via the usual fileSystems option. It can be enabled as follows:.
The X server will automatically detect and use the appropriate video driver from a set of X. You can also specify a driver manually, e. You also need to enable at least one desktop or window manager. Otherwise, you can only log into a plain undecorated xterm window. Thus you should pick one or more of the following lines:. You can select an alternative one by picking one of the following lines:. The X server is started automatically at boot time.
On bit systems, if you want OpenGL for bit programs such as in Wine, you should also set the following:. The x11 login screen can be skipped entirely, automatically logging you into your window manager and desktop environment when you boot your computer.
This is especially helpful if you have disk encryption enabled. Since you already have to provide a password to decrypt your disk, entering a second password to login can be redundant. To enable auto-login, you need to define your default window manager and desktop environment. If you wanted no desktop environment and i3 as your your window manager, you'd define:. Every display manager in NixOS supports auto-login, here is an example using lightdm for a user alice :.
There are two choices for Intel Graphics drivers in X. The default and recommended is modesetting. It is a generic driver which uses the kernel mode setting KMS mechanism. It supports Glamor 2D graphics acceleration via OpenGL and is actively maintained but may perform worse in some cases like in old chipsets. The second driver, intel , is specific to Intel GPUs, but not recommended by most distributions: it lacks several modern features for example, it doesn't support Glamor and the package hasn't been officially updated since The results vary depending on the hardware, so you may have to try both drivers.
Use the option services. The recommended configuration for modern systems is:. If you experience screen tearing no matter what, this configuration was reported to resolve the issue:. Note that this will likely downgrade the performance compared to modesetting or intel with DRI 3 default. You can enable it as follows:. You may need to reboot after enabling this driver to prevent a clash with other kernel modules. If you still want to use it anyway, you need to explicitly set:.
You will need to reboot after enabling this driver to prevent a clash with other kernel modules. Support for Synaptics touchpads found in many laptops such as the Dell Latitude series can be enabled as follows:. The driver has many options see Appendix A, Configuration Options. For instance, the following disables tap-to-click behavior:. Note: the use of services. GTK themes can be installed either to user profile or system-wide via environment. To make Qt 5 applications look similar to GTK ones, you can use the following configuration:.
It is possible to install custom XKB keyboard layouts using the option services. As a first example, we are going to create a layout based on the basic US layout, with an additional layer to type some greek symbols by pressing the right-alt key. Create a file called us-greek with the following content under a directory called symbols ; it's an XKB peculiarity that will help with testing :.
Applying this customization requires rebuilding several packages, and a broken XKB file can lead to the X session crashing at login. Therefore, you're strongly advised to test your layout before applying it :. You can try it by e. To change the default, the usual services. Use the xev utility from pkgs. Unfortunately, the Xorg server does not currently support setting a keymap directly but relies instead on XKB rules to select the matching components keycodes, types, This means that components other than symbols won't be loaded by default.
As a workaround, you can set the keymap using setxkbmap at the start of the session with:. For example with xinit run. To learn how to write layouts take a look at the XKB documentation. More example layouts can also be found here. Where X11 separates the X Server and the window manager, on Wayland those are combined: a Wayland Compositor is like an X11 window manager, but also embeds the Wayland 'Server' functionality.
This means it is sufficient to install a Wayland Compositor such as sway without separately enabling a Wayland server:. This installs the sway compositor along with some essential utilities. Now you can start sway from the TTY console. If you are using a wlroots-based compositor, like sway, and want to be able to share your screen, you might want to activate this option:. This chapter describes how to set up GPU hardware acceleration as far as this is not done automatically and how to verify that hardware acceleration is indeed used.
Most of the aforementioned APIs are agnostic with regards to which display server is used. Consequently, these instructions should apply both to the X Window System and Wayland compositors. It is used by various applications such as Blender and Darktable to accelerate certain operations. The second mechanism is to add the OpenCL driver package to hardware. The proper installation of OpenCL drivers can be verified through the clinfo command of the clinfo package.
This command will report the number of hardware devices that is found and give detailed information for each device:. Adding this package to hardware. The intel-compute-runtime, beignet, or intel-ocl package can be added to hardware.
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