Check for punching, face and transverse shear failures Fig. Load on shaded areas to be used in design. Example 3. Sometimes it is necessary to maintain a difference in ground levels between adjacent areas of land. A common generally economical to choose a gravity retaining solution to this problem is to build a natural slope wall. Such walls are usually constructed of mass between the two levels.
However, this is not always concrete with mesh reinforcement in the faces to possible because slopes are very demanding of reduce thermal and shrinkage cracking. Other con- space. An alternative solution which allows an struction materials for gravity walls include masonry immediate change in ground levels to be effected is and stone Fig.
These struc- force on the wall due to the dead weight and the tures are commonly referred to as retaining walls earth pressures is kept within the middle third Fig. Retaining walls are important elements of the base. A rough guide is that the width of in many building and civil engineering projects and base should be about a third of the height of the the purpose of the following sections is to briefly retained material.
It is usual to include a granular describe the various types of retaining walls avail- layer behind the wall and weep holes near the base able and outline the design procedure associated to minimise hydrostatic pressure behind the wall. The main advantages with this type of wall are simplicity of construction and ease of 3. Retaining walls are designed on the basis that they are capable of withstanding all horizontal pressures 3. There are two namely i cantilever and ii counterfort.
Design of structural elements eurocdes BS By li Craze. L09 RC Column footings. Foundation is the part of the structure below the plinth level in direct contact of soil and transmits the load of superstructure to the ground. Generally, it is below the ground level. If some part of the foundation is above ground level, it is also covered with earth filling. This portion of the structure is not in contact with air, light, etc.
Footing is a structure constructed in brickwork, masonry, or concrete under the base of a wall or column for distributing the load over a large area. Hence the best-recommended depth of foundation is from 1. The width of footings should be laid according to structural design. For light loaded buildings such as houses, flats, school buildings, etc, have not more than two storeys, the width of the foundation is given below:.
In the case of column and raft footings up to plinth level, cement concrete or Dry coarse and well-graded dense sand have maximum shear resistance and maximum bearing capacity. In general, submerged soil and clay have less bearing capacity.
At some sites of work the contractor brings steel pieces, erects the same on the ground, and start the work of excavation. From clause IS part 1- Free Download. Singly reinforced beam design- Step by Step Numerical.
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Please support us by disabling these ads blocker. Every RCC structure cab be divided into two parts: The portion above the ground, called superstructure.
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