Journal of Personality and Social mates, and tactics for outcompeting rivals the adaptive costs of displaying the trait Psychology, 74, — Because the re- and that increase the benefits of pursuing Lippa, R. Gender, nature, and nur- viewed meta-analyses did not include a adaptive goals through alternative traits. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum. Cambridge, MA: lence are expected to be minimal. Maccoby, E. The differences. The methodology of many of the stud- Developmental Trends psychology of sex differences.
Sex differences in antisocial gender differences, for participants were magnitude of gender differences at differ- behaviour: Conduct disorder, delinquency, removed from contexts in which the dis- ent ages argues against. Cambridge, England: Cambridge Uni- to be greatest. For instance, Lightdale and Gender differences along traits re- versity Press.
Prentice investigated gender differ- lated to mating, however, are both large ences in aggression in video-game play, and stable from puberty to around age 30, but participants were removed from the when sexual selection pressures are most Correspondence concerning this comment intense. Lippa, Department of Psychology, California State ing rivals in actual combat.
E-mail: rlippa fullerton. These whether a gender difference is evolved and by evaluating the adaptive costs and bene- have evidenced large gender differences fits of displaying traits. For instance, the Alastair P. Shackelford meta-analyses. An evolutionary sults of 46 meta-analyses of studies inves- Referring to Lightdale and Prentice , perspective suggests that because the inten- tigating gender differences.
We agree with It duced a if men are caused to perceive that caused it to underestimate the true extent of cannot be assumed, however, that a gender they are more likely to suffer costs if they gender differences. We also outline the difference is a social construct. An evolu- are violent and if these costs are made benefits of adopting an evolutionary psy- tionary perspective suggests that if there greater, such as through improved policing chological perspective on gender differ- are reasons to believe that the selection and harsher penalties; b if social norms ences.
E-mail: them as obnoxious; and c if means to equivalent. It is quite conceivable that gzuriff wheatonma. An evolu- one another if the few variables on which tionary perspective also suggests that these they differ are of great psychological or so- Gender Similarities Still Rule tactics will be most effective if they are cial importance.
For example, Hyde , p. Gender differences mating motive is of major psychic impor- chological gender differences and then syn- may be more profound and have greater tance may judge males and females as vastly thesized the results of these meta-analyses.
The different despite similarities on dozens of I specified these methods clearly in the addition of an evolutionary psychological cognitive skills.
It is crucial to reach con- perspective to the investigation of gender What Hyde missed is that clusions about psychological gender differ- differences is likely to facilitate determin- judgments of similarity and difference are ences and similarities on the basis of meta- ing the true extent of gender differences psychological, not scientific.
To browse Academia. Log in with Facebook Log in with Google. Remember me on this computer. Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link. Need an account? Click here to sign up. Download Free PDF. Gender Differences in Using Language. Marleny Rosario. A short summary of this paper. This paper mainly discussed the differences from the aspects of pronunciation, intonation, vocabulary, syntax, manners, attitudes, and non-verbal differences in using language between men and women.
Besides the differences in various aspects, the paper tries to record the changes of these differences. On the basis of these differences and changes, the paper also tries to make some explanation to these differences and changes.
Index Terms—differences, language, gender I. Gender studies and language studies are both interdisciplinary academic field. The study of language began from thousands of years ago, while the study of gender is quite short.
Feminist work has entered and had an impact upon almost every academic discipline. It is quite clear that men and women have a lot of differences in many fields. Generally speaking, females have more fat and less muscle physically; women are not as strong as men and they mature more rapidly and usually have a longer life span. Females and males often show different advantages and skills in doing their work.
Why are the two genders different in so many ways? Besides some physical reasons, we are aware that social factors may account for some of the differences. Such as, women may live longer than men because of the different roles they play in society and the different jobs they tend to do. Men usually have to undertake more pressure than women in life. The differences in job skills may be explained in great part through differences in the ways by which they are raised.
If they do, then we may ask in what ways they are different. Do the differences change through time? This paper attempts to explore these differences, and examine the changes through time, and gives these differences and changes some possible explanations. The paper will examine the differences from the following aspects. Differences in Pronunciation Phonological differences between the speech of men and women have been noted in a variety of languages. Shuy made a study in this field, and he found that This can also be shown in the learning of the second language.
Usually female students have better pronunciation than male students, and that can explain the reason why more girls choose to learn language as their major than boys. Generally speaking, girls exhibit a better ability in language. Besides the high-pitch voice, women prefer to use reverse accent as well. Example: Husband: When will dinner be ready? Lakoff says that women usually answer a question with rising intonation pattern rather than falling intonation. In this way, they can show their gentleness, and sometimes this intonation shows a lack of confidence.
Differences in Vocabulary We can notice that men and women tend to choose different words to show their feelings. The differences in vocabulary can be shown in the following five aspects: a. Color Words There is special feminine vocabulary in English that men may not, dare not or will not use. Women are good at using color words that were borrowed from French to describe things, such as mauve, lavender aquamarine, azure and magenta, etc, but most men do not use them.
Adjectives In our everyday life, we can notice that women like to use many adjective, such as adorable, charming, lovely, fantastic, heavenly, but men seldom use them. Adverbs There are also differences in the use of adverbs between men and women. Women tend to use such adverbs like awfully, pretty, terribly, vastly, quite, so; men like to use very, utterly, really.
Swear words and Expletives Maybe because women are gentle and docile, they usually avoid using swear words and dirty words. Women always pay more attention to the grace of themselves and their use of language. Let us examine the following examples: Woman: Dear me! Do you always get up so late? Man: Shit! The train is late again! We can often here similar ways of expressing shock in every day life.
Men tend to use more swear words than men. Women pay more attention to their manners and politeness of using language. They also like to use words that show affections, such as dearie, sweetie. If a man often uses these words, people will think that he may have psychological problem or he is not manly. From the study we can see that men and women have their own vocabulary choices in achieving emphatic effects.
Though in the area of vocabulary, many of the studies have focused on English, we can not deny that sex differences in word choice exist in various other languages. Transsexual people might intend to undergo, are undergoing or have undergone gender reassignment treatment which may or may not involve hormone therapy or surgery. To understand the term Gender GAP.
Step 2 Write down any statements that explain why women do not share equal status with men in all spheres of society. Step 7 Explain them what different sections of the profile mean. Step 8 Jointly go with them through the most relevant sections of the report, gaining an overview of the difference in specific country.
Step 10 Note down their observations. Gender Gap focuses on the differences between men and women at the national level, seeing both groups as a homogenous one. However, gender differences are significantly linked to factors such as age, race, ethnicity, etc. Make sure that participants understand that gender inequality is not one homogeneous phenomenon, but differs and is linked to several other variables.
Go beyond data included in the Gender GAP and try to find example of gender differences link with another factor e. The Global Gender Gap Report benchmarks national gender gaps of countries on economic, political, education- and health-based criteria. Inequalities in economic participation and opportunities: In most countries, women and men are distributed differently across sectors. Women are receiving lower wages for similar work, are more likely to be in low-paid jobs and unsecured work part-time, temporary, home-based and are likely to have less access than men to productive assets such as education, skills, property and credit.
Educational attainment: In most countries women have lower literacy rate, lower level of enrolment in primary, secondary and tertiary education. Differences in legal status and entitlements: There are many instances in which equal rights to personal status, security, land, inheritance and employment opportunities are denied to women by law or practice. Achieving greater equality between women and men will require changes at many levels, including changes in attitudes and relationships, changes in institutions and legal frameworks, changes in economic institutions, and changes in political decision-making structures.
Step 2 Arrange them into four groups, hand each group a set of cards with key terms enclosed below. Step 3 Ask them to shuffle the cards before every new question. Step 5 Start reading sentences out loud, noting down the scores on the flipchart. Assist them with this, showing the PP1. Step 8 Present the winner award and share it among all participants. Gender Blind Ignoring or failing to address the gender dimension. Gender Analysis The study of differences in the conditions, needs, participation rates, access to resources and development, control of assets, decision-making powers, etc.
Gender Awareness The recognition of the fact that life experience, expectations, and needs of women and men are different, that they often involve inequality and are subject to change. Gender Focal Point A person within the organization field or headquarters who is identified as being a reference point for issues concerning gender. Gender Roles The sets of behaviour, roles and responsibilities attributed to women and men respectively by society which are reinforced at the various levels of the society through its political and educational institutions and systems, employment patterns, norms and values, and through the family.
This rejects the idea that gender is a separate issue and something to be tacked on as an afterthought. Feminism A collection of movements and ideologies that share a common goal: to define, establish, and achieve equal political, economic, cultural, personal, and social rights for women.
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